?O ka ?enehana membrane Ultrafiltration kahi ?enehana ho?oka?awale membrane e pili ana i ka nānā ?ana a me ka kānana ?ana, me ka ?oko?a o ka pu?uwai e like me ka ikaika ho?okele nui. ?O kāna kumu nui ka hana ?ana i kahi ?oko?a li?ili?i li?ili?i ma nā ?ao?ao ?elua o ka membrane filtration, i mea e hā?awi ai i ka mana no nā molekele wai e komo i loko o nā pores li?ili?i o ka membrane filtration, a pale i nā haumia ma kēlā ?ao?ao o ka membrane filtration, e hō?oia i ka maika?i o ka wai ma hope o ka mālama ?ana i nā kūlana kūpono.
?O ka ma?amau, hiki ke ho?oka?awale ?ia ka membrane ultrafiltration i loko o ka membrane ultrafiltration kaomi kūloko a me ka membrane ultrafiltration kaomi waho e like me nā ?ano like ?ole o ka inlet wai. Ho?okomo mua ka ?enehana ultrafiltration membrane pu?e i ka lepo i loko o ka fiber hollow, a laila ho?oku?u i ka ?oko?a o ka pu?e e hana i nā molekele wai e komo i waho o ka membrane a noho nā haumia i loko o ka membrane hollow fiber. ?O ka ?enehana ?enehana ultrafiltration membrane o waho ke kū?ē i ke kaomi kūloko, ma hope o ke kaomi ?ana, komo nā molekole wai i loko o ka membrane hollow fiber a pa?a ?ia nā mea haumia ?ē a?e i waho.
He kuleana ko?iko?i ka membrane ultrafiltration i ka ho?ohana ?ana i ka ?enehana membrane ultrafiltration. Hana ?ia ka membrane ultrafiltration me ka polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl chloride, polysulfone a me nā mea ?ē a?e, nā waiwai o kēia mau mea e ho?oholo ai i nā ?ano o ka membrane ultrafiltration. Ma ke ka?ina hana noi maoli, pono e no?ono?o pono nā mea ho?ohana kūpono i ka mahana, ke kaomi hana, ka hua wai, ka hopena ho?oma?ema?e wai a me nā mea ?ē a?e e ho?onui i ka hopena o ka ?enehana membrane ultrafiltration, i ?ike ai i ka mālama ?ana a me ka hana hou ?ana o nā kumu wai.
I kēia manawa, ?elua mau ?ano kānana i ka ho?ohana ?ana i ka ?enehana membrane ultrafiltration: ka kānana hope make a me ka kānana cross-flow.
Ua kapa ?ia ?o kānana hope loa he kānana piha. Ke ha?aha?a ka mea i ho?oku?u ?ia, turbidity, colloid content i loko o ka wai maka, e like me ka wai paila, ka wai honua, ka wai ?ili, a me nā mea ?ē a?e, a i ?ole he ho?olālā ko?iko?i o ka ?ōnaehana pre-treatment ma mua o ka ultrafiltration, hiki i ka ultrafiltration ke ho?ohana i ka hana filtration mode piha. I loko o ka kānana piha ?ana, hele ka wai a pau ma ka ?ili o ka membrane e lilo i hana wai, a ho?opa?a ?ia nā mea haumia a pau ma ka ?ili membrane. Pono e ho?oku?u ?ia mai nā ?āpana membrane ma o ka holoi ?ana i ka ea ma?amau, ka holoi ?ana i ka wai a me ka holoi ?ana i mua, a me ka ho?oma?ema?e kemika mau.
Ma waho a?e o ka kānana make-hope, ?o ka kānana cross-flow kekahi ?ano kānana ma?amau. Ke ki?eki?e ka mea i ho?oku?u ?ia a me ka turbidity i ka wai maka, e like me nā papahana ho?ohana hou i ka wai, ho?ohana mau ?ia ke ?ano kānana cross-flow. I ka wā o ka kānana cross-flow, hele kekahi hapa o ka wai inlet ma ka ?ili o ka membrane e lilo i hana wai, a ho?oku?u ?ia kekahi ?ao?ao e like me ka wai pa?a, a i ?ole ke kaomi hou ?ia a ho?iho?i ?ia i ka membrane i loko o ke ?ano holo. ?O ka kānana ho?ohehe?e ke?a e holo mau ka wai ma ka ?ili o ka membrane. ?O ka wikiwiki ki?eki?e o ka wai e pale ai i ka hō?ili?ili ?ana o nā ?āpana ma ka ?ili o ka membrane, e ho?emi i ka mana o ka polarization o ka ne?e ?ana, a ho?ēmi i ka ho?ohehe?e wikiwiki ?ana o ka membrane.
?Oiai ?o ka ?enehana ultrafiltration membrane ka maika?i ?ole i ke ka?ina o ka ho?ohana ?ana, ?a?ole ia he mana?o hiki ke ho?ohana wale ?ia ka ?enehana ultrafiltration membrane e ho?oma?ema?e i ka wai haumia i ke ka?ina o ka mālama ?ana i nā kumu wai haumia. ?O ka ?oia?i?o, i ka wā e kū nei i ka pilikia o ka mālama ?ana i nā kumuwaiwai wai haumia, hiki i nā limahana kūpono ke ho?ā?o e ho?ohui i nā ?enehana lapa?au like ?ole. No ka ho?omaika?i maika?i ?ana i ka maika?i o ka mālama ?ana i nā kumu wai haumia, i hiki ke hō?oia ?ia ka maika?i o nā kumu wai ma hope o ka mālama ?ana.
Ma muli o nā kumu like ?ole o ka ho?ohaumia ?ana i ka wai, ?a?ole kūpono nā kumu wai haumia a pau no ka mālama ?ana like. Pono nā limahana e ho?omaika?i i ka no?ono?o o ka hui ?ana o ka ?enehana membrane ultrafiltration, a koho i ke ?ano lapa?au kūpono loa no ka ho?oma?ema?e wai. Ma kēia ala wale nō, ma ke kumu o ka hō?oia ?ana i ka maika?i o ka mālama ?ana i ka pollution wai, hiki ke ho?omaika?i hou ?ia ka maika?i o ka wai o ka wai haumia ma hope o ka ho?oma?ema?e ?ana.